The most consequential decision in a data center may not concern the processors inside its servers. It may concern the physical system responsible for preventing those processors from overheating. As computing equipment becomes denser, the challenge of removing heat increasingly shapes the engineering choices that determine how much infrastructure a facility can accommodate, how consistently it can operate and how much pressure it places on local resources. Karnataka’s data center ambitions bring this tension into focus. The state’s technology ecosystem creates a compelling setting for expanding digital infrastructure, but computing capacity cannot grow independently of the conditions that support it. Every additional rack changes the facility’s thermal load.